Biology Review Booklet
Please give 3 examples of each: -geographical - populations separated by oceans, deserts, streams, rivers, or mountains -reproductive - populations prevented from mating by behaviors, color, patterns, smell, size, or habitat they live in. Even plants that use chloroplasts to make glucose (food) and oxygen from CO2 and H20 use their mitochondria to convert oxygen and glucose into ATP energy for the cells use
The History of Animal Evolution
Their hard outer exoskeletons provided protection and would help to retain water, although the development of a waxy, waterproof cuticle was necessary for efficient water conservation. This unique situation was the starting point for the great evolutionary diversification of the mammals, which up until then had been nocturnal animals the size of small rodents
Powerpoint, cells and tissues
Cell membrane 7 The cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm and stops it flowing out It also controls which substances can get into and out of the cell It is only about 0.00001mm thick If it is damaged, the cell will die cell membrane 8. Cytoplasm 5 The cytoplasm is a living, semi-liquid material Although it looks structureless it contains many structures which are not visible at this magnification All the processes which keep the cell alive, take place in the cytoplasm or nucleus cytoplasm 6
Hunters and gatherers, because of lower caloric intake, have fewer children, and more years in between them, whereas agricultural families tend to, between nutrition and necessity, pop out a massive number of children and then the mom ends up menopausal by 30, assuming she survived having a dozen babies.. Betina wrote on April 8th, 2010 what is indigestible about spouted hulless oats, and btw, quinoa is not a grain but a seed and is highly digestible if sprouted
MY GROWING PASSION: The Evolution of Chloroplasts: endosymbiosis and horizontal gene transfer
To an extent still undervalued in philosophy and religion, our existence depends on this propensity, our spirit is woven from it, hope rises on its currents. In this he discusses how some sea slugs are able to consume and partly digest various types of algae, releasing the chloroplasts into a modified digestive tract
chlorotica cultured for 8 months in the absence of algae still contained plastid DNA and transcripts of two chloroplast genes, psbA and 16S rRNA (Mujer et al., 1996). A simplistic way to describe these relationships is to draw a standard tree for the host based on cytosolic genes such as 18S rDNA sequences and superimpose plastid transfer events over this (Van Den Hoek et al., 1995; see Fig
evolution - Did animals evolve from plants? - Biology Stack Exchange
Animals don't contain chloroplasts and instead contain an organelle called the mitochondria (although most plants also have mitochondria), which is also thought to have been a bacterial endosymbiont, probably related to rikettsias. It is thought that the chloroplast resulted from a symbiotic relationship between early plants and a cyanobacteria in that they both relied on each other for survival and so coevolved
Cell structure and specialisation
Normally, the cell membrane is pushed tightly against the inside of it, so that it is practically invisible, but it may be seen when the cytoplasm shrinks. CELL STRUCTURE and SPECIALISATION The study of cells is called cytology Cells are the individual units of which organisms are made up, and in larger organisms they are specialised to perform many functions
Chloroplast DNA methylation and inheritance in Chlamydomonas
When gametes of opposite mating type are mixed, they fuse rapidly to form diploid zygotes and almost immediately begin a differentiation program that leads to major structural and cytological changes (Fig. To ensure the most sensitive and quantitative results possible, we developed procedures to eliminate unmated gametes prior to zygotic DNA preparation and to efficiently break open the walls of zygotic cells, resulting in high yields of pure zygotic DNA (Materials and Methods)
Importantly, this is one of the only known examples of functional gene transfer from one multicellular species to another, which is the goal of gene therapy to correct genetically based diseases in humans. Here, we have used fluorescent in situ hybridization to localize an algal nuclear gene, prk, found in both larval and adult slug DNA by PCR and in adult RNA by transcriptome sequencing and RT-PCR
homeobox: Homeoboxes are relatively short (approximately 180 base pair) sequences of DNA, characteristic of some homeotic genes (which play a central role in controlling body development). (Less formally, according to Medawar's definition, a virus is "a piece of bad news wrapped in a protein.") vitamin A: A member of a chemically heterogeneous class of organic compounds that are essential, in small quantities, for life
Why there's no such thing as "Reverse Racism"
He rents only to Ethiopians, he gave space to an Ethiopian cultural center on the ground floor, and he did everything in his power to get all non-Ethiopians out of the building, even illegal things. In any discussion of racism and it's alleged "Reverse," it's crucial to start with the definitions of prejudice and discrimination, to lay the foundation for understanding racism in context
(Mitochondrial genomes are even smaller than the genomes of chloroplasts.) Coding sequences for the majority of chloroplast proteins have been lost, so these proteins are now encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and transported from the cytoplasm into the chloroplast. Plant cells have high concentrations of molecules dissolved in their cytoplasm, which causes water to come into the cell under normal conditions and makes the cell's central vacuole swell and press against the cell wall
Animal Cell Mitosis
Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to kinetochores, protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined
Why can't animals make their own food from carbon dioxide, water and sunlight like plants do?
Answers for Why can't animals make their own food from carbon dioxide, water and sunlight like plants do? Click here to add your own answer reason by: Mbless This is because animal cells don't contain the organelle called cloroplast. Simple by: Anonymous If animals would have ability to capture sunlight and produce energy for themselves there would be no need for plants and carbon cycle would not exist
The Evolution of the Cell
The endosymbiotic theory describes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Archaea: Models for Astrobiology Archaea survive today in extremely harsh environments, such as evaporative salt ponds on the edge of Great Salt Lake (above) and the boiling hot springs of Yellowstone National Park (right)
The electrons and hydrogen ions are used, and some of the oxygen may get used for respiration, but a lot of them just go back out to the atmosphere where you and I may breath them with our very own gas exchange systems. One of the hard to understand aspects of light, is that it appears to travel as either a wave or a particle depending on how you happen to be looking at it
Interactive Eukaryotic Cell Model
Smooth ER plays different functions depending on the specific cell type including lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products, is a vast network of membrane-bound vesicles and tubules called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER for short
The animal kingdom is unique among eukaryotic organisms because most animal tissues are bound together in an extracellular matrix by a triple helix of protein known as collagen. The process of cell fractionation enables the scientist to prepare specific components, the mitochondria for example, in large quantities for investigations of their composition and functions
Biology4Kids.com: Cell Structure: Cell Membrane
Because the tails want to avoid water, they tend to stick to each other and let the heads face the watery (aqueous) areas inside and outside of the cell. While we talk about membranes all the time, you should remember they all use a basic phospholipid bilayer structure, but you will find many variations throughout the cell
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