The phosphoryl group in GTP is then transferred to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form ATP, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme nucleoside diphosphokinase. However, this problem is overcome in the first step of the Krebs cycle when the acetic acid of acetyl-CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to yield citrate, which is much more susceptible than the acetyl group to the dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions needed to remove electrons for reduction of NAD+ and FAD+
CATABOLIC METABOLISM: THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP (Bioenergetics)
Glycerol is a close relative of the three-carbon compounds involved in the catabolism of glucose and may be completely oxidized to CO2 and water by glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In brief, pyruvate is first oxidatively decarboxylated to yield CO2, NADH, and an acetyl group attached in an ester linkage to a thiol on a large molecule, known as coenzyme A, or CoA
If antioxidant and conjugation steps are impaired, then a large number of free radicals will be produced which can cause oxidative damage within the liver and also spill out into the blood stream, flooding it with excessive free radicals. In addition, poor immune function may result in cytokines attaching themselves to the mitochondrial membrane, and perhaps causing mitochondrial clumping (which in turn may disturb the function of the cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm of the cells)
Weegy: The Krebs Cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy User: Why is more ATP found in muscle cells than in bone cells? Muscle cells use energy less efficiently than bone cells. Muscle cells power motion, so they have greater energy needs than bone cells.Why is more ATP found in muscle cells than in bone cells? Muscle cells use energy less efficiently than bone cells
Glycolysis
An eight-carbon fatty acid can produce 4 acetyl CoA's Each acetyl CoA is worth 12 ATP's (3 NADP, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP) Therefore, this short fatty acid is worth 48 ATP's, a fat with three chains of this length would be worth 144 ATP's! This is why fats are such a good source of energy, and are hard to lose if you want to lose weight A comparison between Plants and Animals Animal cells and Plant cells contain mitochondria! However, animal cells contain many more mitochondria than plant cells Animal cells get most of their ATP from mitochondria Plant cells get most of their ATP from the chloroplast The ATP generated from the mitochondria is only used when the plant cannot generate ATP directly from the light-dependent reactions Other Uses for Molecules used in Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle Not all of the molecules that enter Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are used for energy Some are used to synthesize fats, nucleotides, amino acids, and other biologically important molecules
What is the Krebs Cycle? (with pictures)
by email wiseGEEK Slideshows 10 most extreme places on Earth You won't believe these 10 facts about people Can you see through these real-life optical illusions? Adorable animal families that will make you "aww" Top 10 unbelievable historical concurrencies Top 10 amazing movie makeup transformations These 10 animal facts will amaze you 10 hilariously insightful foreign words These 10 facts about space will blow your mind Top 10 facts about the world The Krebs cycle refers to a complex series of chemical reactions that produce carbon dioxide and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a compound rich in energy. The Krebs cycle is the second stage of aerobic respiration, the first being glycolysis and last being the electron transport chain; the cycle is a series of stages that every living cell must undergo in order to produce energy
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology - Biotechnological production of citric acid
Shortly, it can be said that the overproduction of citric acid requires a unique combination of unusual nutritional conditions (excess of carbon source, hydrogen ions and dissolved oxygen, and suboptimal concentrations of certain trace metals and phosphate), which synergistically influence the fermentation performance (36). Yields can be maximized using Cu2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Mo2+ ions in concentrations in the order of ppm, above which the process is negatively affected
Citric Acid
American Hospital Association, 2006) makes no mention of any relationship between the condition and citric acid, but rather concludes that high fat content may be causally related. (As an aside, for the past thirty years Wysong has produced an emergency gastric lavage device to relieve this condition, resulting in countless lives being saved.) GDV is believed to be a multifactorial condition that is heavily influenced by genetics, not citric acid
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, andother Energy-Releasing Pathways
An eight-carbon fatty acid can produce 4 acetyl CoA's Each acetyl CoA is worth 12 ATP's (3 NADP, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP) Therefore, this short fatty acid is worth 48 ATP's, a fat with three chains of this length would be worth 144 ATP's! This is why fats are such a good source of energy, and are bad if you want to lose weight A comparison between Plants and Animals Animal cells and Plant cells contain mitochondria! However, animal cells contain many more mitochondria than plant cells Animal cells get most of their ATP from mitochondria Plant cells get most of their ATP from the chloroplast The ATP generated from the mitochondria is only used when the plant cannot generate ATP directly from the light-dependent reactions
Ubiquity of the Cycle The citric acid cycle (named for citrate) occurs in virtually every living cell known (it is NOT unique to citrus fruit) (Figure 14.1). Both plants and bacteria contain enzymes that allow them to bypass the decarboxylation reactions of the citric acid cycle, thus permitting the acetyl-CoAs to be ultimately converted to glucose in net amounts via oxaloacetate (Figure 14.20)
Oxidation of Glucose and Fatty Acids to CO2 - Molecular Cell Biology - NCBI Bookshelf
Each molecule of a fatty acyl CoA in the mitochondrion is oxidized to form one molecule of acetyl CoA and an acyl CoA shortened by two carbon atoms (Figure 16-14). Then the fatty acyl group is transferred to carnitine, moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane by a transporter protein, and is released from carnitine and reattached to another CoA molecule on the matrix side
Cellular Respiration
This has strengthened the theory that mitochondria are the evolutionary descendants of a bacterium that established an endosymbiotic relationship with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells early in the history of life on earth. (Defects in either process can produce serious, even fatal, illness.) The Outer Membrane The outer membrane contains many complexes of integral membrane proteins that form channels through which a variety of molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion
Citric Acid Cycle - Shmoop Biology
We're not going to worry about those names here, except for at the beginning and end.Step 1: Our pinball, acetyl CoA, drops its acetyl group, which has two carbons, and the two carbons combine with a four-carbon compound called oxaloacetate (we won't quiz you on that name), which make, ta-da, citric acid.Step 2: Citric acid is oxidized and loses a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule. Yup, it happens two times, meaning two CO2 molecules are lost and 2 NADH are formed.Step 3: The carbon compound pinball resulting from step 2 briefly joins up with coenzyme A, which is then replaced with a phosphate group
The chemical logic behind... the citric acid cycle
We can predict that it will react like pyruvate, i.e., that its decarboxylation may yield enough energy to enable the formation of a thioester bond with coenzyme A. Fumarate hydration yields malate, which can be oxidized to oxaloacetate, thus closing the cycle.A similar sequence of reactions happens in fatty acids b-oxidation
Amino Acids Are Made from Intermediates of the Citric Acid Cycle and Other Major Pathways - Biochemistry - NCBI Bookshelf
An Adenylated Intermediate Is Required to Form Asparagine from AspartateThe formation of asparagine from aspartate is chemically analogous to the formation of glutamine from glutamate. Methyl groups enter the cycle in the conversion of homocysteine into methionine and are then made highly reactive by the addition of adenosyl groups, which make the sulfur atoms positively charged and the methyl groups much more electrophilic
The glucose molecule is broken down to a compound called pyruvic acid (a 3 carbon compound that acts as an intermediate stage in going from the glycolysis phase to the citric acid cycle). Once the disease process has penetrated past the natural resistance forces of the body, what therapeutic measures can be taken to arrest and reverse the process and build support for rejuvenation? Modern medicine approaches these problems with pharmaceutical drugs, and failing that, surgery
SparkNotes: The Citric Acid Cycle: The Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
Through the next steps of the cycle, two of the six carbons of the citric acid leave as carbon dioxide to ultimately yield the four carbon product, oxaloacetate, which is used again in the first step of the next cycle. Note: Students taking the AP test generally do not need to more about the specifics of the citric acid cycle than what is contained in the above figure and paragraph
No comments:
Post a Comment