The following is a diagram of the external anatomy of a typical flowering plant: axil - the angle between the upper side of the stem and a leaf, branch, or petiole. Most leaves are flat and contain chloroplasts; their main function is to convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy (food) through photosynthesis
Biology Pictures
http://biology-pictures.blogspot.com/It accepts electrons in the Krebs Cycle stage of respiration and donates them to the Electron Transport Chain in the Oxidative Phosphorylation stage of respiration
Difference Between Krebs and Calvin Cycle
As per the definition, Calvin cycle is a set of reactions taking place in the dark reaction of the photosynthesis, which means that it does not require sunlight. The activation of electrons does not take place in the Calvin cycle, but the necessary energy requirements for the processes are fulfilled by the consumption of ATP
The Petition: A Global Warming Case - National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science
They typically include a summary of the case, teaching objectives, information about the intended audience, details about how the case may be taught, and a list of references and resources
Photosynthesis
In the daytime, when the light reaction is occurring and ATP is available (but the stomates must remain closed), they take the CO2 from these organic compounds and put it into the Calvin cycle. Chlorophyll and several other pigments such as beta-carotene are organized in clusters in the thylakoid membrane and are involved in the light reaction
Plant Physiology
Since C4 plants have separated the Calvin cycle PSII, there must be a mechanism to get carbon dioxide into the BSC since: there is relatively slow diffusion to deep, interior regions of the leaf, especially considering; the ambient level of carbon dioxide is low. In order to solve this problem, plants required a mechanism to: fix carbon dioxide in regions of the leaf where it occurs in high concentration (i.e., MC)
BIOLOGY 1102 Lecture Notes. Making ATP
In the case of methane producing bacteria, carbon is the final electron acceptor and for the bacteria producing hydrogen sulfide, sulfur is the final acceptor. It was the evolution of this system some 2 billion years ago that began the process by which oxygen is put in our atmosphere, making possible the organic world as we know it
Plant Life: Calvin cycle
http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/10/calvin-cycle.htmlAs long as one billion years ago, some of these photosynthetic bacteria are believed to have established mutually beneficial, or symbiotic, relationships with other cells. Evolution of the Cycle The Calvin cycle is believed to have originated more than 3.5 billion years ago in marine bacteria that were using very simple carbon compounds as an energy source
Photosynthesis
These high-energy electrons will be used in the Calvin Cycle to reduce CO2 to make sugars The H+ is pumped into the thylakoid membrane to generate an H+ gradient (i.e. Each arrow in the diagram above actually represents a reaction like this one: Each element in the pathway is reduced by the electrons, and turns right around to reduce its neighbor in the pathway by giving it the electrons, thus becoming reoxidized and ready for the next electrons to pass through the photosystem H+ Pumping
Cellular Respiration
This has strengthened the theory that mitochondria are the evolutionary descendants of a bacterium that established an endosymbiotic relationship with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells early in the history of life on earth. (Defects in either process can produce serious, even fatal, illness.) The Outer Membrane The outer membrane contains many complexes of integral membrane proteins that form channels through which a variety of molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion
A Closer Look at the Calvin Cycle
In the animation of the Calvin cycle, three molecules of CO2 are added to three molecules of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), a 5-carbon sugar already present in the stroma. The Calvin cycle then spends the chemical energy generated by the light reactions: ATP phosphorylates (adds phosphate to) the PGA; and the resulting compound is then reduced by NADPH
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, andother Energy-Releasing Pathways
An eight-carbon fatty acid can produce 4 acetyl CoA's Each acetyl CoA is worth 12 ATP's (3 NADP, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP) Therefore, this short fatty acid is worth 48 ATP's, a fat with three chains of this length would be worth 144 ATP's! This is why fats are such a good source of energy, and are bad if you want to lose weight A comparison between Plants and Animals Animal cells and Plant cells contain mitochondria! However, animal cells contain many more mitochondria than plant cells Animal cells get most of their ATP from mitochondria Plant cells get most of their ATP from the chloroplast The ATP generated from the mitochondria is only used when the plant cannot generate ATP directly from the light-dependent reactions
In this case, carbon dioxide gets used to produce sugars in a series of reactions called the Calvin Cycle, C4 photosynthesis, and crassulacean acid metabolism. There are a couple of ways this works in cells: -glycolysis, in which glucose is broken up into two subunits, called pyruvate, which creates two units of ATP per molecule of glucose
How Much ATP Is Produced In The Krebs Cycle Alone? - Naked Science Forum
This is partly because the subsystems are not isolated but interact and largely because all living entities, not least cells, are highly autodynamic because the relevant control reactions operate in their oscillatory mode. Unfortunately most cell scientists ignore this reality with the consequence that many of their experimental results are open to question and they are unable to provide answers for major problems
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